Ki-demang.com : Candi

Kompleks Candi Gedong Sanga terletak di puncak G. Ungaran, tepatnya di Desa Candi, Kecamatan Somawono, Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Para ahli belum dapat memastikan waktu dan tujuan pembangunan Candi Gedong Sanga, karena sampai saat ini belum ada prasasti yang ditemukan yang menyebut tentang keberadaan bangunan kuno itu. Lokasinya yang berada di daerah perbukitan mendasari dugaan bahwa candi ini dibangun pada masa awal perkembangan agama Hindu di Jawa, yaitu pada masa pemerintahan raja-raja Wangsa Sanjaya. Menilik gaya arsitektur dan letaknya, candi Hindu Syiwa ini diduga dibangun untuk keperluan pemujaan. Pada masa itu dataran tinggi atau perbukitan dianggap sebagai perwujudan dari 'kahyangan', tempat bersemayam para dewa.

Keberadaannya candi ini diungkapkan pertama kali dalam laporan Raffles pada tahun 1740. Pada awalnya hanya tujuh kelompok bangunan yang ditemukan, sehingga Raffles menyebutnya Gedong Pitu. Setelah ditemukan, dilakukan beberapa penelitian terhadap candi oleh para arkeolog Belanda, antara lain Van Stein Callenfels (1908) dan Knebel (1911). Dalam penelitian tersebut ditemukan dua kelompok candi lain, sehingga namanya diubah menjadi Gedong Sanga (dalam bahasa Jawa berarti sembilan bangunan). Pada tahun 1928 sampai 1929, dinas purbakala pada zaman pemerintahan Belanda melakukan pemugaran terhadap Candi Gedong I dan Candi Gedong II. Pemugaran candi dan penataan lingkungan dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia selama hampir 10 tahun, yaitu tahun 1972 sampai 1982.

Candi Gedong I

Candi Gedong I terdiri satu bangunan utuh, berukuran relatif kecil dengan denah dasar persegi panjang. Atap candi berbentuk segi empat bersusun dengan hiasan pola kertas tempel di sekelilingnya. Separuh dari puncak atap terlihat telah hancur. Di sebelah tenggara terlihat G. Telomoyo, G. Merbabu, dan G. Merapi.

Batur (kaki candi) dengan denah dasar segi empat dihiasi dengan deretan panel dengan pahatan bermotif bunga (padma) dan sulur-suluran yang sederhana. Tinggi batur sekitar 1 m, dengan tangga menuju ruangan kecil dalam tubuh candi terletak di sisi timur. Permukaan batur membentuk selasar selebar sekitar 0,5 m mengelilingi tubuh candi. Sepanjang tepi selasar diberi pagar, namun sebagian besar batu pagar sudah tanggal atau bahkan hilang.

Dinding luar tubuh candi polos tanpa relief atau relung tempat menaruh arca. Di pertengahan dinding terdapat pahatan bermotif bunga yang membentuk semacam bingkai kosong. Tidak dapat dipastikan apakah dalam bingkai tersebut tadinya terdapat arca atau pahatan lain.

 Candi Gedong II

Candi Gedong II terdiri satu bangunan utuh dengan denah dasar bujur sangkar seluas sekitar 2,5 m2. Tubuh candi berdiri di atas batur setinggi sekitar 1 m.

Pelipit atas batur menjorok ke luar membentuk selasar selebar 0,5 m mengelilingi tubuh candi. Tangga naik ke selasar terdapat di sisi timur, tepat di depan pintu mauk ke ruangan kecil dalam tubuh candi. Pintu candi dilengkapi dengan semacam bilik penampil yang menjorok keluar sekitar 1 m dari tubuh candi. Di atas ambang pintu dihiasi dengan pahatan Kalamakara.

Pada dinding luar sisi utara, selatan dan barat terdapat susunan batu yang menjorok ke luar dinding, membentuk bingkai sebuah relung tempat arca. Bagian depan bingkai relung dihiasi dengan pahatan berpola kertas tempel. Bagian bawah bingkai dihiasi sepasang kepala naga dengan mulut menganga. Di bagian atas bingkai terdapat hiasan kalamakara tanpa rahang bawah.

Atap candi berbentuk 3 balok bersusun, makin ke atas makin mengecil dengan puncak atap runcing. Puncak atap tersebut saat ini sudah tidak ada. Sekeliling masing-masing kubus dihiasi dengan pahatan pola kertas tempel. Di setiap sudut terdapat hiasan berbentuk seperti mahkota bulat berujung runcing. Sebagian besar hiasan tersebut sudah rusak. Di depan bangunan candi terdapat bangunan lain yang hanya tersisa fondasi dan onggokan reruntuhan bangunan yang diperkirakan sebagai candi perwara.

Candi Gedong III

Candi Gedong III terdiri dari tiga bangunan, yaitu dua bangunan yang berjajar menghadap ke timur dan satu bangunan yang meghadap ke barat. Ketiga bangunan tersebut dapat dikatakan dalam keadaan utuh.

Kedua bangunan yang menghadap ke timur mirip sepasang bangunan kembar, namun yang berada di sebelah utara lebih besar dan lebih tinggi dari yang di selatan. Bangunan yang lebih besar, yaitu yang di utara, diperlirakan merupakan candi induk atau candi utama, sedangkan bangunan yang lebih kecil diperkirakan sebagai candi perwara. Tubuh candi berdiri di atas batur yang rendah dengan denah dasar berbentuk persegi.

Atap kedua bangunan tersebut berbentuk 3 persegi bersusun, makin ke atas makin mengecil dengan puncak atap runcing, mirip atap Candi Gedong II. Sekeliling kubus dihiasi dengan pahatan pola kertas tempel. Di setiap sudut terdapat hiasan berbentuk seperti mahkota bulat berujung runcing. Di sekeliling tubuh candi terdapat selasar sempit dan tanpa pagar.

Pintu masuk ke ruangan sempit dalam tubuh candi dilengkapi dengan bilik penampil yang menjorok sekitar 1 m keluar tubuh candi. Tepat di depan pintu terdapat tangga naik ke selasar yang dilengkapi dengan pipi tangga dengan pahatan bunga di pangkalnya. Pada dinding di kiri dan kanan ambang pintu bangunan utara terdapat relung berisi arca Syiwa dalam posisi berdiri dengan tangan kanan bertelekan pada sebuah gada panjang.

Kedua bangunan yang menghadap timur tersebut berdiri di atas batur yang rendah dengan denah dasar berbentuk bujur sangkar. Di pertengahan masing-masing sisi kaki candi terdapat relung, salah satunya berisi arca gajah.

Pada dinding di sisi barat, utara dan selatan masing-masing bangunan terdapat relung tempat meletakkan arca. Relung-relung pada dinding bangunan candi perwara saat ini dalam keadaan kosong. Dalam relung pada dinding selatan candi utama terdapat Arca Ganesha dalam posisi bersila, sedangkan dalam relung pada dinding selatan terdapat Arca Durga bertangan delapan dalam posisi berdiri.

Bangunan ketiga di kompleks Candi Gedong III terletak di depan candi utama dan candi perwara. Bangunan ini mempunyai denah dasar persegi panjang dengan atap mirip 'limasan' melengkung. Di atas atap berjajar memanjang 3 hiasan berbentuk seperti menara kecil. Pintu masuk bangunan yang berhadapan dengan candi induk terlihat sederhana tanpa bingkai. Di atas ambang ambang pintu tampak bekas hiasan yang rusak. Tidak terdapat relung pada dinding bangunan yang mirip dengan Candi Semar di kompleks Candi Dieng. Diduga fungsi bangunan ini sama dengan fungsi Candi Semar, yaitu sebagai tempat penyimpanan atau gudang.

Candi Gedong IV

Candi Gedong IV terdiri satu bangunan utuh dan sejumlah reruntuhan bangunan lain di sekelilingnya. Belum diketahui bagaimana bentuk asli dan apa fungsi bangunan-bangunan yang telah runtuh tersebut, namun ada dugaan bahwa bangunan-bangunan itu merupakan candi perwara.

Bangunan yang masih utuh tersebut bentuknya mirip dengan bangunan Candi Gedong II. Tubuh candi berdiri di atas batur setinggi sekitar 1 m dengan denah dasar persegi panjang. Pelipit atas batur menjorok ke luar membentuk selasar selebar 0,5 m mengelilingi tubuh candi. Tangga naik ke selasar terdapat di sisi timur, tepat di depan pintu masuk ke ruangan kecil dalam tubuh candi.

Pintu candi dilengkapi dengan semacam bilik penampil yang menjorok keluar sekitar 1 m dari tubuh candi. Di atas ambang pintu dihiasi dengan pahatan Kalamakara tanpa rahang bawah. Di kiri dan kanan ambang pintu terdapat relung tempat arca yang saat ini dalam keadaan kosong. Di bagian bawah ambang relung diberi hiasan yang sudah tidak jelas bentuk aslinya.

Pada dinding luar sisi barat, utara dan selatan terdapat relung-relung berisi arca. Salah satu arca yang masih ada berupa sosok lelaki dalam posisi berdiri. Arca tersebut dalam keadaan rusak. Atap Candi Gedong IV berbentuk 3 persegi bersusun, makin ke atas makin mengecil dengan puncak atap runcing, mirip atap Candi Gedong II. Sekeliling kubus dihiasi dengan pahatan pola kertas tempel. Di setiap sudut terdapat hiasan berbentuk seperti mahkota bulat berujung runcing.

Candi Gedong V

Candi Gedong V mirip dengan terdiri satu bangunan utuh dan sejumlah reruntuhan bangunan lain di sekelilingnya, yang diduga sebagai candi perwara. Bangunan yang masih utuh tersebut bentuknya mirip dengan bangunan Candi Gedong II dan Candi Gedong IV.

Candi Gedong V mirip dengan terdiri satu bangunan utuh dan sejumlah reruntuhan bangunan lain di sekelilingnya, yang diduga sebagai candi perwara. Bangunan yang masih utuh tersebut bentuknya mirip dengan bangunan Candi Gedong II dan Candi Gedong IV.

Tubuh candi berdiri di atas batur setinggi sekitar 1 m dengan denah dasar persegi panjang. Pelipit atas batur menjorok ke luar membentuk selasar selebar 0,5 m mengelilingi tubuh candi. Tangga naik ke selasar terdapat di sisi timur, tepat di depan pintu masuk ke ruangan kecil dalam tubuh candi. Pintu candi juga dilengkapi dengan semacam bilik penampil yang menjorok keluar sekitar 1 m dari tubuh candi. Di atas ambang pintu dihiasi dengan pahatan Kalamakara tanpa rahang bawah. Di kiri dan kanan ambang pintu terdapat relung tempat arca yang saat ini juga dalam keadaan kosong. Di bagian bawah ambang relung diberi hiasan yang sudah tidak jelas bentuk aslinya. 

GEDONG SONGO
This large organic complex is located on the southern slope of Mount Ungaran. From the temples, one can enjoy the great view on Mounts Telomojo, Merbabu, Merapi, Sumbing and Sundoro. The site dominates the whole Progo valley and is divided into two parts by a 50m deep canyon where flows a sulphurous hot spring.
Gedong Songo I, II and III are located on the eastern side of the canyon, while the other temple groups are west of it.
In addition to the groups described below there were once two other foundations, known as Gedong Songo VIII and Gedong Songo IX, respectively located to the west northwest of Gedong Songo IV and to the west northwest of Gedong Songo V (Krom 1923, I: 235, 238).

GEDONG SONGO I (Candi Ratna)
Administrative location:

Darum, Candi, Ambarawa, Semarang, JT.

Geographical location:

07° 12' 29.3" S
110° 20' 30.3" E
Precision: 10m
Alt.:1265

Surroundings:

In upper middle land, on the southern slope of Mount Ungaran. The temple is located on the eastern side of the canyon, 370m to the south southeast of Gedong Songo II.

Religion: Hindu.
Main features: Single temple; facing west; square.
State of preservation: Restored up to its superstructure.

Description: The temple base is 8.70m square, with a projection for the staircase on the western side.
Its exact orientation is 269º 21' (Siswoyo 1996: 5).
The platform was edged by a low parapet, of which only a few blocks remain.
The temple body is 5m x 5m and has a niche at the centre of its northern, eastern and southern side. On the western side, a small projection shelters the entrance door.
A small corridor leads to a 2m square cella. The cella walls are pierced by 11 niches (three in the northern, eastern and southern wall, two flanking the entrance). The centre of the room is occupied by a yoni.

Sculptures:
A lingga was found 5m away from the temple (Verbeek 1891: 91)

GEDONG SONGO II
Administrative location:

Darum, Candi, Ambarawa, Semarang, JT.

Geographical location:

07° 12' 17.6" S
110° 20' 25.6" E
Precision: 8m
Alt.: 1350m

Surroundings:

In upper middle land, on the southern slope of Mount Ungaran. The temple is located on the eastern side of the canyon, 370m to the north northwest of Gedong Songo I and 110m to the south southeast of

GEDONG sONGO II.
Religion: Hindu.
Main features:

Sanctuary type 1; facing west; staggered square.
State of preservation: The main temple has been restored up to its superstructure. Of the secondary building, only parts of the base remain.

Description:

Gedong Songo II is composed of two buildings facing each other: a main temple looking west and a secondary structure facing east.
The main temple has a rectangular base measuring 6.30m (E-W) x 5.80m (N-S), with a projection on the western side for the staircase.
Its exact orientation is 263º 08' (Siswoyo 1996: 5).
The temple body is a staggered square of 4.10m x 4.10m and has a porch on its western side.
A corridor leads to a 1.75m square cella. Niches are visible at the centre of the northern, eastern and southern walls.
The base of the secondary structure is 2.60m (E-W) x 4m (N-S). There are no remains of the body.
The base of a third structure was formerly visible to the south-west of the main temple (Stein Callenfels 1916: 12)

Sculptures:

A fragment of a four-horse cart is still visible near the temple.
Two yoni were once visible near the temple and an Agastya (Verbeek 1891: 91; Brumund, 1868; Friederich 1876: 79).
During excavations, sculptures of Nandiśvara, Mahākāla, Durgā and Ganeśa were discovered at the temple foot, respectively on the western, northern and eastern side (Krom 1923, I: 231).

GEDONG SONGO III
Administrative location:

Kenteng, Ambarawa, Semarang, JT.

Geographical location:

07° 12' 14.0" S
110° 20' 24.8" E
Precision: 10m
Alt.: 1375m

Surroundings:

In upper middle land, on the southern slope of Mount Ungaran. The temple is located on the eastern side of the canyon, 110m to the north northwest of Gedong Songo II.

Religion: Hindu.
Main features: Sanctuary; facing west; square.
318 Candi, Space and Landscape
State of preservation: The three buildings have been restored up to the superstructure.

Description:

This sanctuary is made out of three buildings: one main temple and a secondary shrine (on a line and facing west) and a third, smaller building, facing the main temple and looking east.
The main temple has a rectangular base (6m x 5.5m), with a projection for the staircase on the western side.
The temple body is 4m square with a projecting porch to the west. The northern, eastern and southern walls are pierced by one niche each, while the entrance is flanked by two niches.
A corridor leads to a 1.7m square cella.
The northern secondary shrine possesses an equally rectangular base (4.5m x 4m), with a projection to the west for the staircase. The base has the peculiarity two have three niches (north, east and south).
The temple body is 3m square, with a porch on the western side. Salient niches are visible on the northern, eastern and southern outer walls.
Two additional niches are visible inside the porch, on each side of the corridor. The cella is 1.3m square.
The third structure, opposite the main temple, is a small rectangular building, measuring 2.25m (E-W) x 3.3m (N-S). Base and body are integrated with one another.
Traces of a pavement are visible in places around the temples.
Earlier, remains of a sustaining wall were also noticed. As the latter was made of re-used blocks, it is almost certainly of later date and must probably be associated with the occupation of the site during the Diponegoro revolt (Verbeek 1891: 15; Bosch 1916: 40; Krom 1923, I: 231).
Traces of a fourth building were once visible to the southeast of the main temple (Krom 1923, I: 231).
Sculptures: Within the niches of the outer walls of the main temple, one can see two dwārapāla, Durgā (north), Ganeśa (east) and Agastya (south).
In the southern niche of the base of the northern secondary shrine is a small kneeling elephant.

GEDONG SONGO IV (Gedong Songo V, Gedong Tjina)
Administrative location:

Jubelan, Sumowono, Semarang, JT.

Geographical location:
07° 12' 13.3" S
110° 20' 17.2" E
Precision:
Alt.: 1375m

Surroundings:

In upper middle land, on the southern slope of Mount Ungaran. The temple group is located on the western side of the canyon, on a flattened area. The temple group is located 85m to the southwest of Gedong Songo VI and 200m to the north of Gedong Songo V.

Religion: Hindu.
Main features: Sanctuary; facing west; square; porch.
State of preservation: The main temple has been restored up to its superstructure. Other buildings are mere bases.

Description:

Sanctuary made of 9 buildings: one main temple flanked by 4 secondary shrines on a line, a row of three secondary buildings facing the main temple, and remains of an eighth construction at the rear of the main temple.
The base of the main temple is a rectangle measuring 6.20m (E-W) x 5.5m (N-S). The staircase is on the western side.
Its exact orientation is 282º 52' (Siswoyo 1996: 3).
Its body is 4.10m square, with a projecting porch on its western side. At the centre of the northern, eastern and southern sides, as well as near the entrance door, are niches.
A corridor leads to a plain cella of 1.7m square.
To the north and south of the main temple, on a same line, are remains of two pairs of buildings. All have their entrance to the west.
The structure directly to the north of the main temple measures 2.50m (E-W) x 2.05m (N-S), while the northernmost building is 2.75m square.
The base directly to the south of the main temple is a rectangle of 2.50m (E-W) x 2.20m (N-S). The southernmost building measures 3.25m (E-W) x 2.80m (N-S).
At the rear of the main temple are remains of another building. It faces and is roughly 2.70m square.
In front of the main temple raises another building. Its rectangular base measures 2.80m (E-W) x 3.20m (N-S). It bears no traces of a staircase.
To the south one finds another large structure. Its base measures 4.6m (E-W) x 4m (N-S), with a projection for the staircase to the east. Parts of the foot of the temple body are still recognizable. According to those evidences, the temple body was a staggered square with projecting niches on the northern, western and southern sides. The eastern side was occupied by a salient porch. It was probably around 2.5m – 2.8m square.
The northernmost temple of this western row is a small structure measuring 3.3m (E-W) x 3.10m (N-S) and facing east.
Sculptures: In the southern niche of the main temple, a sculpture of Agastya is still visible.
A yoni was found near the same building (Verbeek 1891: 92).
Among the remains of this temple group were discovered a kala with lower jaw and limbs, one bull, one Mahākāla, one Durgā, one Ganeśa, two pedestals and fragments of a sculpture representing a couple holding hands topped by a trident (Brumund 1868: 151; Bosch 1916: 80; Krom 1923, I: 238)

GEDONG SONGO V (Gedong Songo IV)
Administrative location:

Jubelan, Sumowono, Semarang, JT.

Geographical location:

07° 12' 19.8" S
110° 20' 16.5" E
Precision: 10m
Alt.: 1380m

Surroundings:

In upper middle land, on the southern slope of Mount Ungaran. The temple group is located on the western side of the canyon, at the top of a flattened hill. The temple group is located 200m to the south of Gedong Songo IV.

Religion: Hindu.
Main features: Sanctuary; facing west; square.
State of preservation: The main temple has been restored up to its superstructure. Of the secondary shrine just north of it are preserved the base and parts of the temple body. The other structures are reduced to their bases.

Description:

The group is constituted of 6 buildings, all of them facing west. The four northern buildings are in a row and on an upper terrace, while the two southern ones are not in a line with the others and are located slightly lower.

o Northern group
The northern group is composed of one main temple and three secondary buildings.
The main temple has a rectangular base measuring 6.1m (E-W) x 5.5m (N-S). the staircase is to the west.
Its exact orientation is 283º 09' (Siswoyo 1996: 3).
The temple body is 4.1m square, with a projecting porch to the west. At the centre of the northern, eastern and southern walls are pierced niches.
A small corridor leads to the 1.65m square cella.
To the north of the main temple lies a base measuring 4.55m (E-W) x 4m (N-S), while to the south are remains of another structure of roughly 4.4m (E-W) x 3.6m (N-S).
Further south is a base measuring 3.5m (E-W) x 3.3m (N-S).

o Southern group
Still further south there are two bases, though not on a line with the preceding four structures.
The northern one measures 3.7m (E-W) x 3.3m (N-S), while the other is 3.7m x 3.2m.

Sculptures:
Near the main temple were visible various sculptures, among others one Agastya, one Durgā, one Mahādewa, one Wisnu and two bulls.
Near the northern secondary shrine of the northern group were discovered one Ganeśa, two dwārapāla and one yoni.
Among the remains of the shrine directly to the south of the main temple were found one bull, one Ganeśa, one Agastya and one head of Brahmā. (Brumund 1868: 152-153; Krom 1923, I: 235-236)
In the neighbourhood of the southern groups was a Ganeśa (Brumund 1868: 153)
Other sculptures were found within the temple ground of Gedong Songo V, although their exact provenance is unknown. It is the case of at least one Durgā and one lingga (Krom 1923, I: 236).

GEDONG SONGO VI
Administrative location:

Jubelan, Sumowono, Semarang, JT.
Geographical location:

07° 12' 11.6" E
110° 20' 20.0" S
Precision: 10m
Alt.: 1373m

Surroundings:

In upper middle land, on the southern slope of Ganeśa Ungaran. The temple group is located on the western side of the canyon and 85m to the northeast of Gedong Songo IV.

Religion: Hindu.
Main features: Sanctuary type 5; facing the east; staggered square.
State of preservation: Bases and parts of temple body are still visible.

Description:

Two temples in a row, orientated around the cardinal points and looking east. The base is 2.80m square. According to the remains, the temple body should have been staggered square, with projecting niches on the northern, western and southern sides.
On ancient plans, the group is composed of three buildings in a row (Lulius van Goor 1919: plan)

GEDONG SONGO VII
Administrative location:

Jubelan, Sumowono, Semarang, JT.
Geographical location:

07° 12' 12.5' S
110° 20' 17.7" E
Precision: 7m
Alt.: 1376m

Surroundings:

In upper middle land, on the southern slope of Mount Ungaran. The temple group is located on the western side of the canyon and a few meters to the north of Gedong Songo IV.

Religion: Hindu.
Main features: Sanctuary type 5; facing west.
State of preservation: Only the bases of two buildings are still clearly recognizable.

Description:

Today, only two bases on a line are visible. The southern one is 2.80m square, with remains of a staircase on the western side. The northern one is roughly 2.45m square and faces west too.
On ancient maps, the group was made of four structures on a line (Lulius van Goor 1919: plan; Krom 1923, I: 238).

Sumber : Candi Space and Landscape - Véronique Myriam Yvonne Degroot